9 hours ago · The sample of term paper pdf paper is made available here as an example of a very good paper by consent of its author, whose intellectual property it remains. FirstName SecondName Street Postcode Place Phone Email Matr. Contents 1 Introduction. List of figures: Figure 1: Hie, hem and hir in absolute numbers. they in percentages. them in A term paper is an academic assignment, which is supposed to be written during a term and is responsible for at least 20% of the mark the student finally gets. In a term paper the student researches at length some subject (event, notion, point of view), related to the work done within the academic term Term-paper-Samplepdf - STA Introduction to Statistics This preview shows page 1 - 5 out of 23 pages. The Economic Cost and Effect of Doctors ’ Waiting Time in Bangladesh 3 Introduction Every day, a fairly large proportion of people in Bangladesh go through direct or indirect experiences of waiting for health care. In a large number of cases, probably for the majority of the population in Bangladesh,
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Indigenous Old English Third Person Plural Pronouns by Scandinavian Forms: A Diachronic Investigation. Seminar paper for the Hauptseminar Corpus linguistics and the history of English at Justus-Liebig-Universitt Gieen Prof, example of term paper pdf.
Example of term paper pdf Huber. This term paper was written for one of my seminars in SS It is excellent both in form and contents and received the mark 1. The term paper is made available here as an example of a very good paper by consent of its author, whose intellectual property it remains. FirstName SecondName Street Postcode Place Phone Email Matr. Contents 1 Introduction. List of figures: Figure 1: Hie, hem and hir in absolute numbers.
they in percentages. them in percentages their in percentages. they, them, their in percentages List of tables: Table 1: The sub-periods of the HC. Oxford English Dictionary, online edition see list of references for complete bibliographical reference.
As we know, these forms have died out completely and are no longer part of present-day Standard English, example of term paper pdf. The third person plural pronouns that are used today they, them and their actually go back to Old Norse, the North Germanic language that is the common ancestor of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. The presence of these forms as well as many other ON borrowings in the English language is the result of the so-called Viking Age, which from Englands point of view began with a series of plunders and raids of small villages along the east coast by Danish and Norwegian Vikings in the late 8th century A.
Jucker It is probably around this time and in this place that the th- forms of the third person plural pronouns were borrowed from ON into Old English. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the different forms of the third person plural pronouns in English throughout the Middle Ages.
I have tried to find out when the shift from the indigenous h- forms to the borrowed th or - forms occurred, using a corpus linguistic approach: Parts of the Helsinki Corpus HC were analyzed with the help of the concordance program WordSmith. According to the nature of this research, I have decided to take into account only those parts of the HC example of term paper pdf contained texts written before A.
Before we turn towards the investigation proper chapter 3 of this paperit will be necessary to have a look at the basic relationship between OE and ON and the nature of the specific borrowing that we are dealing with chapters 2. See Baugh and Cable 92 ff. for a detailed outline of historical events during the Viking Age. Apart from the few historical facts mentioned above, there is in fact very little from which we could example of term paper pdf what example of term paper pdf life in the Danelaw was really like.
The only traces of what happened on the linguistic level are changes in the language itself, and given the relatively small number of surviving OE texts, it is generally difficult to arrive at any satisfying conclusions.
Graddol et al. This fact has given room to a lot of controversy among experts. Freeborn 46for example, thinks it likely that the two languages were similar enough in vocabulary for OE speakers to understand common ON words, and vice versa, so that the English and Norsemen could communicate.
Bjrkman 4f. takes the idea of mutual intelligibility even a step further by conjecturing that over the course of time ON example of term paper pdf OE were gradually amalgamated into one language which was chiefly of English character but very rich in Scandinavian elements, example of term paper pdf, by which he of course refers to OE in its later stages. In his introduction to the history of English, Jucker 24 even briefly refers to OE and ON as dialects implying that the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings spoke basically the same language.
On the other hand, Kastovsky f. is convinced that, while a certain amount of mutual intelligibility probably existed between ON and OE, example of term paper pdf, the two distinct languages must have been preserved as such, and that the main vehicle for linguistic influence of the kind at issue here must have been a fairly widespread bilingualism.
See Baugh and Cable 99 ff. for a list of words of Scandinavian origin that are still in use in PDE. Geipel 14 refers to these as structure words, whereas Baugh and Cable as well as Kastovsky prefer the label form words. However we might call these items, it is a well-known fact that they are usually not borrowed from other languages cf.
Baugh and Cable This is obviously because their function is highly grammatical, which means that they belong example of term paper pdf the basic grammatical construct of a language. Form words from one language are not often borrowed into another because their semantic correspondents either already exist in the other language, 3 or if they do not, the other language would have to change its grammatical character in order to borrow them.
However little we might know about the relationship between the AngloSaxons and the Vikings, the fact that grammatical items from ON were borrowed into OE suggests that the two peoples must have had close contact for a long time, as Geipel 14 conjectures: The assimilation by one language of such intimate items as 'structure words' i. conjunctions, prepositions and personal pronouns and even of phonological features from another language, can [ Moreover, this borrowing of words with grammatical functions also strengthens the hypothesis mentioned above, namely that the two languages were mutually intelligible at least to some extent.
Smith concludes that the loadwords from ON must have been treated sociolinguistically as equivalent to items of English lexis, and thus available for use within the core vocabulary of the language, and this is indeed only possible if there is a certain degree of intelligibility.
Now, if this kind of borrowing so rarely takes place, what actually made it happen in this case? One possible reason for the replacement of hie by they could be the fact that hie is fairly similar in form to the OE third person singular pronouns usually spelled he he and heo or hio sheand this similarity extends to the other cases as well e.
the plural genitive hir and its spelling variants are easy to confuse with the female singular genitive hire, and the plural dative hem and its variants look similar to if not the same as the male singular dative form him.
Thus the Scandinavian th- forms example of term paper pdf possibly [] felt to be less subject to confusion with forms of the singular, example of term paper pdf, as Baugh and Cable put it. This theory of the 3. One of Smiths further observations is that they advanced [i. became widely used in written English] much more rapidly than their, example of term paper pdf, them Smith Of course, wherever linguistic changes take place over time, a certain amount of synchronic variation is to be expected.
In our case, this means that in a lot of mediaeval texts we may expect to find they used in the nominative case and the indigenous forms in the other cases. In fact, Blake states that [b]y the end of the fourteenth century the use of they as the subject was fairly regular, and their was the dominant, but not the exclusive, form of the genitive, whereas in the oblique case h em was as common as them.
We should not, by the way, be surprised to find the period of linguistic change extending even far beyond the Norman Conquest, by which time the period of actual contact between English and ON was over.
We must remember that we are dealing only with written texts, and that we do not know how different spoken OE actually already was from the language used in the texts when they were written. However, a common feature of linguistic changes is that they first occur in the spoken language and do not make their way into written language until later.
Another reason for the surprisingly little number of th- pronouns in OE is the fact that most surviving texts from this period were written in the West Saxon dialect, which was spoken in the region of England that was geographically the most distant from the Danelaw, where the th- forms probably occurred first. Therefore, what we need to do first is to frame research questions or hypotheses on which to ground our analysis.
The studies of Blake 34; and Smith f. have shown that the earliest instances of th- forms actually do occur in texts from the northern and eastern regions of England; Smith speaks of a gradual southward drift of Scandinavian forms. The inclusion of geographical issues could have been made in a longer paper. They will probably start occurring sometime after A. Then, over the course of late OE and throughout ME times, the h- forms will probably be gradually replaced by the thforms.
In the case of hie vs. they, this process will probably long have been completed by the end of the ME period as Blake states that they was already common around A. Table 1 gives an overview of these sub-periods from Kyt As mentioned in the introduction, this research will be limited to the time up to A. Now, simply typing hie or they into WordSmith would have yielded inaccurate.
Michell and Robinson 18for example, provide two different spelling variants for each form in their Guide to Old English. However, a glance into the OED shows that there are in fact between ten and thirty different historical spelling variants for all six of our words. Creating such text files saves a lot of time: Instead of typing each spelling variant individually into WordSmith example of term paper pdf then adding up all the results, WordSmith can simply be told to search for any word in the text file, which in the case of the word they means that only one search will have to be run instead of twenty-four.
During this process I came upon another problem: Some of example of term paper pdf instances that were found in the corpus were in fact completely different words and not the variants of the words looked for e.
However, in nearly all cases, the context of the findings confirmed my suspicion that these represented the third person singular pronoun her the same as in PDE and the adverb here, respectively. In order to attain more accurate results, I decided to eliminate these ambiguous spellings from the text files and have WordSmith work with the now slightly abbreviated word lists, example of term paper pdf.
OE4 ME1 ME2 ME3 ME4 87 0 0 0 75 87 4 3 1 56 0 29 0 4 88 A first glance at table 2 already shows that, as was to be expected, there are a lot of zeroes in the lower left corner of the table, which means that the search for the Scandinavian th- forms in early OE has yielded no results.
In fact, the th- forms do not occur in high numbers before ME1 i, example of term paper pdf. aroundwhich is even later than expected. Furthermore, if we take a look at the upper right corner, we will see that of the three h- forms, at least hie had been completely replaced by they by the end of ME times.
These trends become more easily visible if we turn our data into graphs, compare figures 1 and 2 below. It is easy to see that the curves for the h- forms in figure 1 mostly reach their peaks in the left half of the chart the hem curve being an exception here; its peak is reached at ME3whereas the curves for the th- forms in figure 2 stay fairly close to 0 on the y-axis and then dart up after ME2.
Additionally, the two charts nicely show the relatively quick replacement of the nominative form hie through they: The blue curve in figure 1 is the only one to reach the 0 line on the y-axis, and in figure 2, the blue curve is clearly the one that contains the steepest rise.
Another fact that strikes the eye is that, especially in figure 1, the quantities of instances seem to fluctuate from one time period to the next, e. all three curves drop from OE3 to OE4, then rise again from OE4 to ME1, and then drop again. This has to do with the fact that we are dealing with the absolute numbers of instances.
From the manual to the HC Kytwe learn that the overall number of words in the texts from the different sub-periods is not always the same; in fact, the excerpts from the earlier periods are actually quite unequal in length: Sub-period. Hie They Hem Them Hir Their. ME1 ME2 94,33 50 5,67 50 99,53 0,47 0 97,17 2,83 0. Based on these percentages we are able to create charts whose graphs will not fluctuate with the length of the different sub-periods, and will therefore reflect the linguistic changes more accurately.
In the following figures 3 to 5, purple always represents the now extinct forms while blue represents the forms adopted from ON. In the hie vs. they chart figure 3both the steep drop of the blue line from figure 1 and the equally steep rise of the blue line from figure 2 combine to example of term paper pdf a steady replacement of purple by blue from about ME1 c. Note that even though the replacement happens rather quickly, there is an initial phase with only little change happening OE4 - ME1.
The percentage data for them rises just as steeply as that for they, example of term paper pdf, and again the change starts taking place slowly and then gains velocity; it almost looks like the curve from figure 3 has been copied into figure 4. The only significant difference between the two charts is that in figure 4 the changes happen later the replacement of hem through them in written English actually extends into EModE times.
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